The past year has seen skyrocketing interest in hydrogen fuel. According to the Hydrogen Council, some 680 large-scale hydrogen energy projects, equivalent to $240bn in direct investment through 2030, have been announced as of May 2022, an increase of 50 per cent since November 2021.
Driving these trends is the growing concern over climate change and mounting pressure to transition away from fossil fuels to renewable energy, which can be stored, transported and then later used in the form of hydrogen. Equally significant are heightened concerns about energy security. With LNG prices surging and geopolitical tensions unlikely to ease soon, governments are scrambling to diversify their energy sources. Hydrogen is a key candidate.
In March 2022, the EU raised targets for renewable hydrogen deployment in the bloc by 2030, from 5.6m metric tons to 10m metric tons of renewable hydrogen produced domestically and another 10m metric tons of imported clean hydrogen. Governments elsewhere have announced their support as well. For example, the US is allocating $9bn in funding to develop hydrogen hubs and scale up electrolyser technology, while Japan is investing $20bn to support liquefied hydrogen value chains, among other technologies.
Despite such momentum, the actual deployment and use of hydrogen power is lagging. Two key hurdles remain: establishing reliable, global supply chains of hydrogen fuel at scale and demonstrating effective technologies for its use, particularly in power generation.
Enabling hydrogen power generation
For both challenges, Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Kawasaki), a Japanese technology company and founding member of the Hydrogen Council, has leading-edge answers.
At the beginning of 2022, the world’s first liquefied hydrogen carrier successfully transported liquefied hydrogen across continents. The carrier, named Suiso Frontier, was built by Kawasaki as a member of the CO2-free Hydrogen Supply-chain Technology Research Association (HySTRA). The ship’s return voyage, from Hastings, Victoria, Australia to Kobe, Japan, was supported by the Japanese government and a consortium of companies backed by the Australian government. This groundbreaking inaugural journey was part of a pilot project to build a liquefied hydrogen supply chain, including large-scale production and transport for global markets.
Kawasaki’s goal is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of such a supply chain by the mid-2020s and aim for commercialisation around 2030.
Besides carriers, the company is developing liquefiers, loading systems, storage tanks and other technologies for producing, transporting and storing hydrogen. It is also pioneering new technologies to generate electricity and heat from hydrogen fuel.
“Our company realised early on the importance of using hydrogen and has been developing hydrogen gas turbine technology,” explains Takayuki Tanaka, Kawasaki’s senior manager, new business planning office, marketing & sales division, energy solution & marine engineering company. “For this reason, we have two main strengths. Firstly, we are ahead of other companies in the low nitrous oxide (NOx) technology used in hydrogen-powered gas turbines. Secondly, we have technology that allows us to flexibly change the mixing ratio of hydrogen and natural gas, allowing users to adjust according to the amount of hydrogen available.”
Kawasaki successfully demonstrated these two unique technologies in the world's first operation of a 1MW-class gas turbine cogeneration system using 100 per cent hydrogen in the urban environment of Kobe, Japan, in 2018. The company conducted the demonstration as a NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization) grant project.
The next step is to demonstrate the feasibility of hydrogen power generation at scale. In 2025, Kawasaki plans to start a demonstration test of a 30MW-class hydrogen power plant at a site in Lingen, Germany, in partnership with European energy giant RWE. The experiment will demonstrate the feasibility of the mixed combustion of hydrogen and natural gas fuel as well as combustion using only hydrogen fuel. Kawasaki has been conducting investigations for the demonstration project with support from NEDO.
“RWE acknowledges Kawasaki’s leading role in the hydrogen business across major areas, including hydrogen combustion, shipping and processing,” says Gregor Herklotz, senior asset developer, RWE Supply & Trading GmbH. “Past operation successes of its combustion technology and the teams behind it make Kawasaki a very attractive partner for us.” Reflecting such successes, Kawasaki was recently awarded the German Gas Industry Innovation Prize for its state-of-the-art Micromix H2-capable combustion system.
“We partnered with RWE because it has a strong interest in the hydrogen business, including the commercialisation of hydrogen gas turbine power generation technology, in line with Kawasaki’s business aims and strategy,” says Tanaka. “Over the years, we have established a reliable partnership with RWE through our Germany-based energy business subsidiary in our company, and hope to build it into a long-term one.”
Supplying hydrogen gas turbines
Kawasaki believes its hydrogen gas turbines are suitable for powering electricity grids for in-house industrial use. Tanaka explains that in the first case, hydrogen can be used as an energy source when renewable energy sources stop generating power, such as at night or when the wind stops. In the second case, hydrogen gas turbines can provide large energy savings in cogeneration use by supplying thermoelectricity as a distributed power source.
Another potential market is for Kawasaki to retrofit existing Kawasaki-manufactured gas turbines with a hydrogen combustor, enabling them to burn mixtures of up to 30 per cent hydrogen and natural gas. Around 650 gas turbines, used mainly for factories and power plants worldwide, can be modified this way. The company estimates that the cost of converting an existing gas turbine generation facility to a hydrogen fuel-fired facility will be about 25 per cent of installing a new one.
Kawasaki is developing its capabilities across the supply chain. The company is expecting to generate ¥52bn in 2025, ¥400bn in 2030 and ¥500bn by 2040 from its hydrogen business.
By mid-century, the company hopes to capture ¥2tn of an estimated ¥12tn in demand for hydrogen chain-related technologies.
Longstanding vision for a hydrogen future
The disruptions to energy markets over the past year have been accompanied by increased inquiries from potential customers about Kawasaki’s hydrogen technologies, including its power generation solutions, explains Tanaka. “As the world accelerates efforts towards decarbonising economies, the company’s longstanding vision for carbon neutrality with hydrogen remains unchanged.”
Kawasaki believes that it can contribute to the realisation of a hydrogen society by creating a liquefied hydrogen supply chain and stably transporting hydrogen in large quantities.
“The next step is to promote the use of hydrogen gas turbine power generation made in our company in Europe, followed by gradual deployment in other parts of the world,” says Tanaka. “The aim is to contribute to the realisation of a carbon neutral society around the world.”
This content was paid for and produced by Kawasaki Heavy Industries in partnership with the Commercial Department of the Financial Times.
